Production

Total Gabon imposes COVID vaccines on its staff to restart its paralyzed activities

For the Director General of Total Gabon,vaccination will allow his company to consider a “sustainable return to the office, … the resumption of attendance at our conviviality rooms and the holding of face-to-face meetings”.

Affected by Covid-19, Total Gabon, which plans to relaunch its activities, is putting pressure on its employees to be vaccinated against Covid-19. In a note dated June 21, 2021, the Ceo of Total Gabon, Stéphane Bassene informs his staff that all those who will not be vaccinated before September 15, 2021, will not access its oil sites. Because,”we are thus considering the end of lockdowns before accessing the sites from September 15, 2021. It is therefore imperative that all those concerned can have been vaccinated by that date,”he wrote.

To justify its decision, Total Gabon cites the difficulties caused by the containment measures imposed by oil companies on their staff before accessing an oil site. Measures that are not beneficial to the company. “Given the increasing difficulty of experiencing the confinement required of staff before accessing industrial sites, its very high cost and the disruptions that this causes in the rhythms of work, it is now more than necessary to return to normal operation from 15 September. In addition, the vaccination of as many people as possible will make it possible to lift the periods of confinement currently required to go on site and which are felt by our colleagues and partners to be very trying,”says Stéphane Bassene.

Within the company, this decision is difficult to pass on to employees in the oil sector. This is all the more true since in Gabon vaccination is not compulsory. “Until proven otherwise, Total Gabon is not the Gabonese State and cannot impose on Gabonese citizens what the State has not declared mandatory by laws or regulations. This decision is absurd, implausible, unacceptable,” saidSylvain Mayabi Binet, secretary general of the National Organization of Petroleum Employees (Onep).

General strike in prospect

To find out if Total Gabon had the government’s agreement, Sylvain Mayabi Binet questioned the Minister of Petroleum, Vincent de Paul Massassa, on July 12, during the program “Face à vous” on Gabon 1st. The member of the governmentsaid that he did not have that information. “It is you who are communicating it to me at this moment”. Nevertheless, the minister encouraged Gabonese to get vaccinated and reminded them that to date, vaccination remains the best way to protect themselves against the pandemic.

But Onep, the most representative union of the oilsector in Gabon, says it is ready”to call workers to a general strike in the sector if the individual freedoms guaranteed and protected by the country’s constitution are violated by Total Gabon. Because if it goes to Total Gabon, it will inevitably spread throughout the oil sector,” says Sylvain Mayabi Binet.

When contacted, Total Gabon has not yet reacted. During 2020, Total Gabon recorded a 46% decrease in revenue compared to the previous year, and a net profit down 274%.

 

Source: Agence Ecofin

News

Nigeria’s oil output drops 11.47% to 1.343mbpd in Q2 – OPEC

Nigeria’s oil output dropped by 11.47 per cent year-on-year, YoY, in the second quarter of 2021 (Q2’21).

But the decline also showed significant under-production against the quota, Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries, (OPEC) data have shown.

In its July 2021 Monthly Oil Market Report (MOMR), obtained by LEADERSHIP, OPEC disclosed that on the average, the nation produced 1.343 million barrels per day in Q2’21 compared to 1.517 mb/d produced in Q2’20. This also compares negatively with the OPEC quota of 1.4 mb/d.

Specifically, the report has it that the country produced 1.372 mb/d, 1.344 mb/d and 1.313 mb/d, in April, May and June, 2021 respectively, compared to 1.705 mb/d, 1.436 mb/d and 1.411 mb/d, produced in the corresponding months of 2020.

At the Q2’21 average output the country requires about 500 mb/d output of condensate to meet its 2021 budgetary target of 1.8 mb/d. But currently the estimated condensate output is put at 400 mb/d, indicating a likely significant shortfall.

However, the shortfall may not affect revenue estimates since the 2021 oil revenue was based on oil price of $40 per barrel, while actual price in recent weeks have hovered above $70 per barrel.

Meanwhile the OPEC report, which painted a bright prospect for the oil market in the remaining part of 2021, stated: “World oil demand growth in 2021 is forecast at 6.0 mb/d, unchanged from last month’s assessment, although there have been some regional revisions. Total oil demand is projected to average 96.6 mb/d.

“The Q1’21 was revised lower, amid slower than anticipated demand in the main Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), OECD consuming countries. This was counter-balanced by better-than-expected data from OECD Americas in Q2’21, which is now projected to last through the Q3’21.

“Solid expectations exist for global economic growth in 2022. These include improved containment of COVID-19, particularly in emerging and developing countries, which are forecast to spur oil demand to reach pre-pandemic levels in 2022.”

Meanwhile, Nigeria’s crude oil exports fell by a whopping 41.9 per cent year-on-year in the first quarter of 2021. This is according to data contained in the Central Bank of Nigeria’s balance of payment report.

Nigeria received in its current account, crude oil and gas export proceeds of $6.48 billion in the first quarter of 2021 compared to $11.1 billion in the corresponding period in 2020. It also represents a 16.4 per cent drop when compared to the $7.7 billion recorded in the 4th quarter of 2020.

Crude oil and gas export proceeds of $54.5 billion in 2019 made up about 84 per cent of the government’s export earnings. However, crude oil and gas exports declined to $31.4 billion in 2020 as Covid-19 pandemic triggered a global economic lockdown crashing oil prices to below zero in the second quarter of 2020.

OPEC member countries have had to endure year-long collective crude oil cuts to help limit supplies, shoring up prices. While this has contributed to the stabilisation of oil prices, member countries have seen their revenues plummet as they cannot push out as much volumes as they would have preferred.

Nigeria is currently pegged to an export volume of about 1.4 million barrels per day, remarkably less than the 1.8 million barrels per day production volume that it has averaged over the years and a far cry from its 2.5 million barrels per day production capacity.

According to a presentation on the 2021 budget performance by Nigeria’s minister of finance, Dr Zainab Ahmed, Nigeria has abided by the OPEC+ cut despite this production capacity.

However, crude oil production is projected to increase to 1.86 million barrels per day in 2021, as economies recover from the recession, and moderated by OPEC+ quota agreements, as stated by the minister of finance.

It is worth noting that, apart from the decline in Nigeria’s crude oil production, earnings were also affected by the inability of India to buy as much crude from Nigeria.

 

Source: Leadership

Factory Production

Sahara Energy backs Fujairah to emerge as global trading hub

Speaking ahead of the upcoming virtual 12th International Fujairah Bunkering & Fuel Oil Forum (FUJCON 2021) in the United Arab Emirate (UAE), Laven said ongoing transformative projects would give traction to the drive to develop Fujairah “as a global trading hub will also support the growth in demand as activity levels continue to increase.”

“The bunker market during 2020 has had to deal with a number of challenges. At the beginning of the year, we had the IMO 2020 specification change, then following the COVID-19 pandemic, global demand and bunker markets around the world have been impacted in different ways. Hopefully, 2021 will see a return to normality and Fujairah can see growth,” he added.

Launched in 1978 and fully operational in 1983, the Port of Fujairah is the second-largest bunkering hub in the world after Singapore. It offers general cargo, bulk cargo, wet bulk cargo, and container services. The port has a vast oil storage capacity of 10 million cubic meters with plans to enhance productivity through the extension of the storage capacity to 42 million barrels of crude oil.

He asserted that as a leading player in the UAE oil and gas sector, Sahara Energy would continue to promote investment projects aimed at ensuring the availability of clean fuels.

“Sustaining strategic and transparent conversations around the future of the energy sector requires the commitment and collaboration of all stakeholders. Sahara Energy and its parent organization, Sahara Group are delighted to lend its voice to shaping the future that will best serve global well-being.”

Laven who will be speaking on Risk Management and Oil Storage alongside other speakers said the issue of price remained critical to risk management considerations in oil and gas transactions. “But the strategy of investing in flat price without managing the price risk carries a significant amount of risk. When investing in oil, a combination of appropriate risk management and trading market structure and arbitrage can still generate material returns,” he said.

the availability of locally produced fuels, enhanced automation, and access to clean fuels should provide a level of market confidence in supply at the Port of Fujairah, Andrew Laven, Chief Operating Officer, Sahara Energy Resources DMCC, Dubai has said.

“The bunker market during 2020 has had to deal with a number of challenges. At the beginning of the year, we had the IMO 2020 specification change, then following the COVID-19 pandemic, global demand and bunker markets around the world have been impacted in different ways. Hopefully, 2021 will see a return to normality and Fujairah can see growth,” he added.

Launched in 1978 and fully operational in 1983, the Port of Fujairah is the second-largest bunkering hub in the world after Singapore. It offers general cargo, bulk cargo, wet bulk cargo, and container services. The port has a vast oil storage capacity of 10 million cubic meters with plans to enhance productivity through the extension of the storage capacity to 42 million barrels of crude oil.

He asserted that as a leading player in the UAE oil and gas sector, Sahara Energy would continue to promote investment projects aimed at ensuring the availability of clean fuels.

“Sustaining strategic and transparent conversations around the future of the energy sector requires the commitment and collaboration of all stakeholders. Sahara Energy and its parent organization, Sahara Group are delighted to lend its voice to shaping the future that will best serve global well-being.”

Laven who will be speaking on Risk Management and Oil Storage alongside other speakers said the issue of price remained critical to risk management considerations in oil and gas transactions. “But the strategy of investing in flat price without managing the price risk carries a significant amount of risk. When investing in oil, a combination of appropriate risk management and trading market structure and arbitrage can still generate material returns,” he said.

Production

Ikike oil field likely to commence operations by year end

Oil major, Total has announced an immediate plan to launch operational activities around its Ikike field, offshore Nigeria, by the end of 2021.

Indeed, the oil firm, in its yearly filing with the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), stated that it expects to start up its Ikike field by the end of 2021 and will drill a number of exploration wells across its African portfolio.

The French company took a final investment decision (FID) on Nigeria’s Ikike project in January 2019 and hopes to reach its first oil late this year.

The company had hoped to begin production at the project in 2020. The field will be tied back to the existing Amenam field.

Total singled out two potential projects in Nigeria. The authorities approved a field development plan for Preowei in 2019.

The company is also considering work on the Owowo discovery, which is found in 2012.

Total began drilling an appraisal well on Block 20/11 in January and another is planned for Block 48 this year. It bought the former block in June 2020, following the collapse of Cobalt International Energy, which had made a number of discoveries.

On Angola’s Block 17, Total and the local authorities reached a deal to extend the license until 2045.

Total agreed to drill two exploration wells on the block in 2022-23, adding that it is also working to maintain production from the block and will drill infill production wells this year, which will also begin producing this year. Further out, it is also working on three brownfield projects.

These are Zinia Phase 2, CLOV Phase 2, and Dalia Phase 3 – will begin producing in 2022, it said. It had previously expected to start these in 2020-2021.

Total paid $2.96 billion in taxes in sub-Saharan Africa, of which $1.09bn was paid on Block 17 to the Angolan government.

The French company paused work on Block 0 in April 2020, because of the pandemic. It expects to resume this in 2021.

Meanwhile, in Namibia, Total is planning to drill the Venus well this year, on Block 2913B. The company did not commit to a particular time, but various sources have predicted the third quarter.

Under the Ugandan development plans, the companies will drill around 430 onshore wells and build two crude processing facilities.

Tilenga will require 400 wells, half of which will be water injection, and is expected to produce 190,000 barrels per day. Kingfisher, which is 150 km to the south of Tilenga, will involve 31 wells and produce 40,000 bpd.

Uganda, Tanzania, and Total planned to sign a deal on March 22. However, they pushed this back into April.

The Uganda plan took top billing for the company, with Total saying it would “focus its investments primarily” on the EACOP and Tilenga projects. Other plans named by the company were all post-FID.

The Tilenga, Kingfisher, and EACOP projects will produce oil with 13 kg of CO2 per barrel, ahead of the industry average of 20 kg. As such, Total defended its investment in the project, saying this was in line with its climate ambition plans set out in May 2020.

Angola is at the heart of Total’s production, with an output of 184,000 BPD in 2020, down from 205,000 BPD in 2019. Africa’s reserves contribution to the company was all down last year.

Power

Local content should drive linkages, look beyond economic rents

Notwithstanding the growth witnessed in local content development in the country, indigenous participation in the oil and gas sector needs to look beyond the simple generation of economic rents, and instead focus on the development of linkages that will endear more growth and economic development.

This was the view of an oil and gas expert, Dr. Wisdom Enang while speaking on Nigerian oil and gas local content policy: Gains, improvement, opportunities, and imperatives for the future, at the just-concluded 4th Lawyers in Oil and Gas Conference and Awards.

Enang noted that local content has increased indigenous participation in crude production and exploration as well as a rise in the number of rigs and marine vessels owned by Nigerians from 3% to 40%.

Enang said: “With Nigerians developing competence in jobs that were the exclusive preserve of expatriates, most of the jobs that were executed outside Nigeria are now being performed by Nigerians and in Nigeria. This has led to the retention of a large chunk of the industry expenditure in-country, with the attendant positive impact on employment generation and growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).”

He however decried that a notable factor militating against local content development in Nigeria, remains insufficient funds for indigenous companies from Nigerian banks that impede the companies from participating effectively and efficiently.

Although the local content policy has led to increased opportunities for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the industry, Enang noted that there are still several bottlenecks to the award of contracts to small businesses in the form of tedious prequalification and tender processes.

“The issue of non-compliance remains a highly debatable topic, with some schools of thought arguing that some multinationals continue to violate provisions of the Nigerian Content Policy through the use of expatriates from foreign technical centres, who perform job functions that Nigerians have the capacity to execute”, he added.

To bring about further development, Dr Enang said for the government to achieve the local content target, it must adopt initiatives to create an enabling environment for increased involvement of Nigerians in the oil and gas industry.

“To achieve full implementation of the local content policy, the government needs to embark on a series of market-oriented policy reforms to integrate the economy towards achieving competitive economic growth and globalization through the use of private sector-led socio-economic initiatives.

“The government must also encourage industrial development by granting liberal tax incentives and strengthening support for local institutions. The role of the small and medium scale enterprises, in realizing the effective implementation of the Nigerian local content policy cannot be ignored. They need to be encouraged and strengthened in terms of finance and operational regulations, because of the critical role they play in the development of the economy.

“The Nigerian local content policies need to look beyond the simple generation of economic rents, and instead focus on the development of linkages that will endear more growth and economic development of the oil-producing regions and the nation. Enforcing local content depends on the availability of an industrial-supply base that can act as growth levers”.

Enang also disclosed the need for a private-public partnership to reinforce the implementation of human capital development through the constant acquisition of skills and technical know-how. The Nigerian Content Research and Development Fund is a good starting point that can advance skills acquisition; however, the expertise of a broad range of research-intensive private and public universities should be actively leveraged to its maximum potential.”

He, however, added that actualizing the goals of the Nigerian local content policy cannot be at the expense of quality, hence, indigenous companies must continue to invest in improving the quality of their products and services, and deliver the same to the Nigerian market at competitive prices.

Source: Guadian

Industry News Production

Shell and Eni acquitted in Nigeria corruption case

A Milan court has acquitted Shell and Eni and Eni CEO Claudio Descalzi in a corruption case related to a $1.3 billion worth acquisition of an oilfield off Nigeria about a decade ago.

The court revealed its decision on Wednesday, 17 March 2021 after more than three years since the trial started.

Responding to the court’s decision, Italy’s Eni on Wednesday welcomed the judgment of full acquittal of all charges by the Court of Milan, stating that “there was no case”.

After almost three years of trial, the judgment by the court has finally established that the company, the CEO Claudio Descalzi, and the management involved in the proceedings have all behaved in a lawful and correct manner, Eni said in the statement.

“Today, Eni expresses its gratitude for the trust placed by its stakeholders throughout the course of the trial, particularly in upholding the company’s management and the conduct of its business and respecting its reputation”, Eni added.

Commenting on the Milan Tribunal’s acquittal of Shell of charges related to OPL 245 in Nigeria, Shell CEO Ben van Beurden said: “We welcome today’s decision by the Milan Tribunal. We have always maintained that the 2011 settlement was legal, designed to resolve a decade-long legal dispute and unlock the development of the OPL 245 block.

“At the same time, this has been a difficult learning experience for us”, van Beurden added.

Reuters reported on Thursday that, following the judgement in the oil industry’s biggest corruption case, the Nigerian government was surprised and disappointed by the verdict and would consider whether to appeal once its lawyers had read the written judgment.

The case revolved around the acquisition by Shell and Eni of the Oil Prospecting Licence (OPL) 245, which covers a deep-water offshore area, approximately 150 km off the Niger Delta.

It is worth noting here that the prospecting licence for Block 245 expires in 2021 and the Nigerian Federal Government has not yet converted its prospecting licence into an oil mining lease (OLM). As a result, not a single oil barrel has been drilled to date.

As previously reported, the Italian prosecutor last year asked for Eni and Shell to be fined and some of their former and current executives, including Eni CEO Claudio Descalzi, to be jailed in the long-running trial over an alleged corruption scheme related to the licence OPL 245.

News Power

NNPC says to expect petrol from Port Harcourt Refinery after 18 months

The Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) said on Monday that the Port Harcourt refinery being rehabilitated for $1.5 billion will start refining gasoline (petrol) within 18 months of the project.

The Group Managing Director (GMD), NNPC, Mele Kyari, who said this in Abuja on Monday, clarified that the approved fund was for complete rehabilitation and not turnaround maintenance.

According to a report by the News Agency of Nigeria (NAN), Kyari said: “During rehabilitation, by the 18th month, part of this plant will begin to produce particularly the gasoline plants.

“What it means in a technical sense is that in 18 months, we will see production coming from that plant; we will follow it plant by plant until we are completely done,” Kyari said.

The NNPC GMD also said that the process of rehabilitation started about 10 years ago but was slowed down due to a number of mistakes and interferences.

He was hopeful the refinery would work optimally for the next 15 years after the rehabilitation.

Source: Daily Trust

News Power Production

Dangote expects Lagos refinery to be completed by end of 2021

President, Dangote Group, Alhaji Aliko Dangote yesterday said the multi billion dollars and 650,000-barrel per day (bpd) integrated refinery and petrochemical project will be completed by the end of this year, just as granulated urea fertiliser plant at Ibeju Lekki corridor will begin production of fertiliser products next week.

This was even as the Lagos State Governor, Mr Babajide Sanwo-Olu promised to support the ongoing multi-bilion dollars investments on the axis with massive road infrastructure to further open up the economy of the axis and create a more conducive environment for the industries springing up in the area.

The duo spoke with journalists during Governor Sanwo- Olu’s two-day working visit to the Lagos Free Zone, saying that the investments would turn around the state and the nation’s economy.

Speaking on the economic potential of the refinery, Dangote also added that though the Africa’s biggest oil refinery and the world’s biggest single-train facility expected to generate about 230,000 indirect jobs would be completed by the end of this year, production of petroleum products would commence by first quarter of 2022.

The Africa’s richest man disclosed this while fielding questions from journalists after the tour of the project by the Lagos State Governor, Mr. Babajide Sanwo-Olu who went on a two – day working visit with members of his cabinet to the burgeoning industrial hub located in Lekki area of the state. He also stated that the granulated urea fertiliser plant at Ibeju Lekki corridor will commence production of fertiliser products next week.

He said: “OK the fertilizer you will actually see fertilizer within the next one week. The refinery will be finished by the end of this year and product will start coming out by first quarter of next year. ”

He commended the governor for finding time out to visit the refinery during his working visit, saying: “First of all let me thank His Excellency for taking off about five hours to be with us today.

The governor has been around this area for the past two days. Really Mr. Governor we are very grateful for your support for making this place to be investors friendly and all the support you have been giving. Not only to Dangote but to almost everybody and I can assure that this place will be the hub of industrialisation in the country going forward.

On his part, Governor Sanwo-Olu said there is urgent need to assess the level of investment on the Lekki Corridor, saying efforts were being made to address the issues the investors are facing and avert haphazard development in the new Industrial hub informed the working visit.

Sanwo-Olu said the development of Lekki Port being propelled by the operators and owners of Lagos Free zone has gone up to about 60 per cent , saying the state government would ensure that the problems being experienced in Apapa port.

To regulate and guide against haphazard development, Governor Sanwo-Olu said agencies of government would be located in the axis to ensure that the right things are done.

“The ministry of Environment, Physical Planning, Waterfront and Tourism would also have a full presence here.

Physical planning are things we cannot afford to miss out. We need to ensure that the master plan of this area is kept and the new ones we need to look at we will certainly pick them up for approvals that is required so that government can indeed take the position,” he said.

Industry News

Coronavirus fuels uncertainty as global oil consumption dips 9% in 2020

Global consumption of petroleum and other liquid fuels crashed by nine percent to 92.2 million barrels per day (bpd) in 2020, due to the coronavirus restrictions and lockdowns, the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) has said, noting that this was the largest drop in EIA’s series in 20 years.

While it projected that the world will return to more normal consumer behaviour this year, and a continued recovery in economies is set to contribute to rising oil consumption in 2021 as the year progresses, the EIA warned that the effects of the pandemic continue to present challenges in forecasting global petroleum liquids consumption.

For January, a significant drop in Nigeria’s oil export has limited the increase of oil output from member countries of the Organization of Oil Exporting Countries (OPEC).

OPEC recorded oil output rise for a seventh month in January, a Reuters survey found, after the group and allies agreed to ease record supply curbs further, but an involuntary drop in Nigerian exports limited the increase.

Among the countries showing lower output, the biggest drop was in Nigeria after force majeure was declared on exports of Qua Iboe, one of the country’s largest production streams.

Operator of the facility Exxon Mobil said on January 22 that the force majeure has been lifted.

The 13-member OPEC pumped 25.75 million barrels per day (bpd) in January, the survey found, up 160,000 bpd from December, and a further increase from a three-decade low reached in June.

EIA expected in its January Short-Term Energy Outlook that global liquid fuels consumption will grow by 5.6 million bpd this year, or by six percent compared to 2020, and rise by another 3.3 million bpd in 2022.

It noted that the United States will contribute with a 1.4 million bpd consumption increase to the growth in 2021, the EIA forecasts.

Oil consumption will rise this year thanks to both economic growth and a return to more normal travel patterns by the middle of the year, which will also have a small effect on oil consumption growth in 2022.

Despite the expected growth in global oil consumption in 2021, EIA still forecasts it to average below pre-pandemic levels—at 97.8 million bpd, it would be 3 percent less than the 2019 level.

The International Energy Agency (IEA), for its part, cut its estimate for oil demand growth for this year by 300,000 bpd to 5.5 million bpd. The IEA expects oil demand to average 96.6 million bpd in 2021, after crashing by an all-time high of 8.8 million bpd in 2020, under the weight of the COVID-19 pandemic.

OPEC+, which groups OPEC and other producers led by Russia, agreed to pump more from January 1, and returns to output restraint again from February amid fears of a slow demand recovery. The latest supply pact has helped oil to an 11-month high above $57 a barrel this year.

“The increase is natural with the higher production ceiling from January,” an OPEC delegate said.

In January, the biggest supply increases came from Saudi Arabia and Iraq, the group’s top two producers, reflecting their higher quotas. Iraq is still making almost all of its pledged OPEC+ cuts, having struggled to do so in the past.

Industry Power

Nigerian court freezes Shell accounts ahead of $4bn Aiteo lawsuit

A federal court in Lagos, Nigeria has issued an injunction barring Shell’s subsidiares in the country from withdrawing money at 20 local banks until it ringfences potential damages in a lawsuit brought against the supermajor by Aiteo Eastern E&P.

Aiteo is seeking about $4 billion in total over alleged problems with the Nembe Creek Trunk Line (NCTL) pipeline it bought from the Anglo-Dutch group in 2015 and over claims Shell undercounted its oil exports.

Court documents seen by Reuters show that Aiteo is seeking compensation over what it says was the poor condition of the pipeline and associated lost oil sales.

Aiteo also accuses Shell of deliberate improper metering of the Nigerian company’s oil exports from the Bonny Light terminal.

It is seeking $2.7 billion over the pipeline deal plus $1.28 billion for lost oil sales, the court documents show.

A spokesman for the Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) told Reuters the allegations are “factually incorrect”.

“SPDC is working to secure an expeditious discharge of the freezing injunction, which we believe was obtained by Aiteo without any valid basis,” an SPDC spokesman said.

Aiteo declined to comment to Reuters on an ongoing legal case.

The lawsuit is latest in a string of legal headaches for the biggest international oil company operating in Nigeria, Africa’s biggest oil exporter.

A UK court last week cleared the way for local communities to sue the company over oil spills in the West African nation, and last month Shell lost a case brought in the Netherlands by Nigerian farmers and fisherman over pollution claims.

Shell, meanwhile, has initiated international arbitration proceedings against Nigeria over a case relating to oil spills that took place during the 1967-1970 Biafran war.(Copyright)